| Abstract Scope |
This paper reviews the currently popular approach to constitutive and failure modeling, focusing on the use of non–associated flow rules to enable greater flexibility to capture the anisotropic yield and flow behavior of metals using less complex functions than those needed under associated flow to achieve that same level of fidelity to experiment, and on the use of path-independent spaces to more reliably predict failure limits under complex conditions of non–linear forming. The paper discusses motivating factors and benefits in favor of both associated and non–associated flow models for metal forming, including experimental, theoretical, and practical aspects. The paper also shows constitutive models to capture both anisotropic hardening response and Bauschinger effect. This review is followed by a discussion of the topic of the failure limits, the limitations of strain analysis, the evidence in favor of stress analysis, and the path-independent space to incorporate non-proportional loading paths for any ductile fracture models. |